2D Materials Beyond Graphene for Energy Storage and Conversion: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a major class of advanced materials for energy storage and conversion technologies. Although graphene initiated this research field, its zero bandgap, limited chemical tunability, and restacking tendency restrict its performance in many practical energy systems. These limitations have driven the development of a broad range of 2D materials beyond graphene, including MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, metal oxides and hydroxides, layered double hydroxides, and other emerging atomically thin systems. These materials offer diverse crystal structures, tunable electronic properties, rich surface chemistry, and high surface-to-volume ratios, making them attractive for batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in 2D materials beyond graphene for energy storage and conversion. Key aspects discussed include synthesis strategies, defect and interface engineering, heterostructure design, and structure–property relationships. The performance of these materials in lithium-ion and beyond-lithium batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalytic reactions, and solar-driven energy systems is critically examined. Recent advances in characterization techniques, computational modelling, and machine learning-assisted discovery are also highlighted for their role in accelerating material development. Despite significant laboratory-level success, several challenges remain, particularly in scalable synthesis, long-term stability, standardised benchmarking, and system-level integration. Addressing these issues is essential for translating promising material properties into reliable and commercially viable energy technologies. Overall, this review outlines current achievements, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and presents future perspectives for advancing 2D materials beyond graphene toward sustainable and practical energy solution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anupama S, Senthilkumar D (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Low-Temperature Chemical Precipitation Synthesis of Pure Monoclinic CuO (Copper Oxide) Nanoparticles
A low-temperature chemical precipitation (alkaline precipitation) route suitable for scalable production synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Aqueous copper nitrate was reacted with sodium hydroxide under strongly alkaline conditions (pH ≈ 14) to form a Cu(OH)₂ precursor, followed by washing, drying (120 °C) and thermal dehydration (200 °C) to obtain CuO nanoparticles. Phase identification and crystallinity were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), functional group/bond confirmation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and morphology by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD patterns confirmed the formation of phase-pure monoclinic tenorite CuO with no detectable impurity phases. The average crystallite size was estimated as ~49.01 nm using the Debye–Scherrer equation. FTIR spectra showed characteristic Cu–O stretching vibrations (≈500–600 cm⁻¹), supporting complete oxide formation and phase purity. FESEM images indicated nearly spherical CuO nanoparticles with relatively uniform distribution and minor agglomeration, consistent with rapid nucleation under strong alkalinity. Overall, the results demonstrate that alkaline chemical precipitation followed by mild heat treatment is a simple, low-cost and reproducible method for producing phase-pure CuO nanoparticles, providing a reliable materials platform for catalysis, sensing and energy-related applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeielayaganga V.T, Venkatesh M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanosphere Structured V₂O₅ Memristors for Artificial Neurons
Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing owing to its simple metal–oxide–metal architecture, low power consumption, and scalability. In this work, we report the hydrothermal synthesis of crystalline V₂O₅ nanospheres and investigate their suitability for memristive switching applications. Phase-pure orthorhombic V₂O₅ nanospheres were synthesized using an ethylene-glycol-assisted hydrothermal method and comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. The nanospheres exhibit high crystallinity, uniform morphology, and homogeneous elemental distribution. Memristive devices fabricated on SiO₂/Si substrates with Au top electrodes demonstrate stable bipolar resistive switching behaviour with well-defined SET and RESET voltages, reliable endurance, and long-term retention. The resistive switching mechanism is attributed to oxygen-vacancy-mediated electrochemical metallization involving reversible formation and rupture of conductive filaments within the V₂O₅ nanospheres. Furthermore, the devices exhibit analog conductance modulation suitable for synaptic functionalities, highlighting their potential for neuromorphic computing applications. These results establish V₂O₅ nanospheres as a viable active material for multifunctional memory and neuromorphic devices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohanbabu Bharathi, Shanshan He, Lingjun He, Donghui Guo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microstructural Analysis of Sol-Gel Synthesis of Alumina Nanoparticles
Alumina has been widely used in biomedical applications due to its superior chemical, mechanical, and wear properties, and exhibits good biocompatibility. However, its limited use in hip and knee replacement applications is due to its low fracture toughness and bio-inertness. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of alumina nanopowders using a cost-effective sol-gel method using aluminum isopropoxide, as a precursor. The powders obtained after drying the gel in an oven were calcined at 800 oC for 1 hour in an electric furnace to produce the alumina nanopowder. During this process, parameters, such as temperature, pH, and stirring time, were carefully controlled to obtain the final product. X-ray diffraction, SEM, and TEM analysis were used to characterize the phases, composition, particle size, and morphology of alumina nanopowders. As a result, SEM and TEM analyses in conjunction with XRD data indicate that high-purity alumina nanopowders can be synthesized via the sol-gel process.
Copyright (c) 2025 July Randhari, Sushant Kumar Senapati, Prafulla Kumar Mallik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Carbon Nanotubes in the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer promising advantages for improving the performance, efficiency, and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These nanostructures help address key challenges in solar cell technology, such as fabrication complexity, limited operational stability, and inefficient charge transport. This review explores the integration of CNTs into PSCs, with a focus on their role in charge carrier movement, interface modification, and overall device architecture. The interaction of CNTs with other nanomaterials is also discussed, highlighting their combined effects in enhancing device functionality. CNTs, known for their excellent electrical conductivity, enable faster and more effective charge transfer—an essential feature for improving energy conversion. Additionally, their strong mechanical properties support the physical robustness of PSCs, which is vital for long-term durability. By summarizing recent advancements and identifying current research gaps, this study aims to support further progress in CNT-based PSC development. The inclusion of CNTs represents an important step toward more reliable and sustainable solar technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shobhana E, Kannan R, Kripa N (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Real Time Pesticide Contaminant Monitoring Using Hybrid Mxene Doped Graphene FET Biosensors in Surface and ground Water
In many parts of the world, pollution caused by chemical releases into water systems has put aquatic ecosystems and human health at risk. Storm water overflows, industrial, agricultural, and wastewater treatment facilities are some of the sources of chemical discharge. It is crucial to develop and implement quick, dependable, and sensitive analytical detection technologies in order to meet these limits. The development of electrochemical biosensors for environmental toxicants, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has advanced over the last few decades. In this paper, a novel Mxene doped graphene FET is proposed to detect the pesticide and contaminations in water. This sensor is electronically compactable and has high chemical sensitivity. Due to the lack of an efficient method for distinguishing defective devices from preselected uniform devices based solely on electronic properties, two-dimensional (2D) electronic sensors frequently experience device-to-device variations. This causes sensor inaccuracy and slows down the real-world applications of the sensors. Real-time spontaneous detection of pesticides such as atrazine and metolachlor in flowing tap water was made possible by our sensors. In order to maximise the potential of electronic sensors for tracking contaminants in flowing water, this work provides a dependable quality control procedure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Devaraj Somasundaram, Usha Chauhan, Sivakumar Poruran, Chandrasekar Sivakumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plasma-Assisted Synthesis and Engineering of Functional Nanomaterials: From Metal Nanoparticles to 2D Architectures
Plasma-assisted synthesis methods offer a flexible, low-temperature and eco-friendly way to create nanomaterials with specific properties. This paper examines the basic interactions between plasma and materials that enable the creation and functionalization of advanced materials. We categorize plasma sources into four main types: DC, RF, microwave and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). We also compare high- and low-temperature systems, focusing on how they deliver energy and create reactive particles. The review highlights plasma-liquid interfaces where solvated electrons and radicals allow for single-step, surfactant-free synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The paper explains how plasma induces etching, doping and defect formation in various materials such as catalysts, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), quantum dots and 2D materials like graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and diamond. Plasma processes provide accurate control over nanoparticle dispersal, activating catalytic sites, generating quantum emitters and altering 2D heterostructures. However, challenges remain in scaling up these processes with controlling plasma in real time and maintaining the stability of treated surfaces. Finally, we discuss future prospects including integrating AI into plasma systems, greener starting materials and employing in-situ diagnostics. These advancements position plasma processing as a vital technology for developing scalable, programmable and multifunctional nanomanufacturing platforms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ranjithkumar Rajamani, Chi Van Nguyen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Syzygium Cumini Fruit Extract: Structural, Optical, and Antibacterial Investigations
An eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative to the conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using Syzygium cumini fruit extract through a simple and eco-friendly green synthesis route. The phase formation and purity of ZnO nanoparticles were identified by XRD analysis, showing distinct diffraction peaks corresponding to the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO with high crystallinity and average crystallite size in the nanometer range. FTIR spectroscopy confirms the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amine groups, indicating that plant biomolecules are involved in nanoparticle stabilization. Further, the surface morphology of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was revealed by SEM analysis, which exhibited predominantly spherical to irregularly shaped nanoparticles with slight agglomeration due to the presence of plant-derived capping agents. UV–Visible spectral analysis showed a sharp absorption peak at around 310 nm, confirming the optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles with an estimated band gap of 2.8 eV, suggesting nanoscale dimensions and quantum confinement effects. Antibacterial studies show strong inhibitory effects of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against Gram-positive Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Gram-negative Bacteroides fragilis bacteria, which can thus be said to constitute evidence of their effective antibacterial potential. The synergistic action of ZnO nanoparticles and Syzygium cumini phytochemicals enhances ROS generation and disrupts bacterial cell integrity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anupriya R, Kalaiselvi V, Yasotha P, Gopi S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Next-Generation Neural Interfaces Enabled by Nano-Bioelectronics- Review
This review paper is dedicated to state-of-the-art in brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) based on nano-bioelectronics (NBE). The report elaborates how convergence in nanoscience, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science (NBIC) has resulted in new set of neural interfaces that overcomes the size limitation of macro-scale neural interfaces. The paper will discuss certain properties of nanomaterials, in particular, carbon-based nanostructures, metals nano clustering structures and hybrids composite materials, that have the potential to enhance signal recording, stimulation of neurons and drug delivery. The technological revolution in the application of the technologies to the sphere of neural prosthetics, neurorehabilitation and targeted therapeutics are considered. In addition, critical appraisal of current technical and biological issues, such as foreign body reaction (FBR) and degradation of the signal, is undertaken and one that is explored here is self-healing materials, contactless energy delivery, and artificial intelligence interface. The article ends with the positive perspective to the future development of this cross disciplinary endeavour in that it would change the nature of how the brain has been known and operates in terms of neurologically.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kishore Kanna R, Archibald Danquah-Amoah, Samson Amponsah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review For Sustainable Nanotechnology Applications
An eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative to the conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods is the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis of AgNP through plant, microbial, algal and enzyme is critically examined in this comprehensive overview. While nucleation and growth kinetics are governed by reaction parameters such as pH, temperature and extract concentration, information derived from spectroscopy, electron microscopy and computational modelling identifies phenolic, amino and protein functionalities to dominate reduction and stabilization. Green AgNPs have a wide range of functional variety in biomedical, environmental and catalytic applications. They have strong antibacterial, anticancer, photocatalytic and sensing properties. Although there are still challenges with reproducibility, mass production and long-term durability, comparative studies show advantages in energy efficiency, safety and environmental compatibility. Predictive control over particle qualities may be possible through the combination of experimental optimization with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). To ensure eco-friendly and industrially scalable applications, the emerging fields include hybrid synthesis techniques, life-cycle-oriented risk assessment and regulatory coordination. The integration of AI-based design and green chemistry is a ground-breaking approach to sustainable nanotechnology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ranjithkumar Rajamani, Sinouvassane Djearamane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of the Ethical Frameworks in Wearable Nano Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Metabolic Disorders
The healthcare environment is in the process of shifting paradigm to continuous to personalized health management, as opposed to episodic care that centres on a hospital. This revolution is fuelled by the emergence of the nano-biosensors that combine the state of art nanotechnology and bioelectronics to deliver real-time information of never seen before human health information. This review article gives a complete overview of principles, materials, fabrications and applications of wearable nano sensors. It discusses the underlying strengths of nanomaterials, i.e., being ultra-sensitive, miniaturized, and biocompatible, to enable the detection of a broad spectrum of physiological and biochemical biomarkers. The report explores the latest technology of manufacturing i.e. the electrospinning and inkjet printing and goes into the burning issue of energy consumption and offers smart solutions to counter the challenge of power consumption. It also looks at usage of these devices in the treatment of chronic illnesses, and the latest application in sophisticated systems such as brain machine interface (BMI) and prosthetics. Lastly, the technical, biological, ethical issues such as the foreign body reaction, nanotoxicity, data privacy, and the issue of equity are analysed in a critical way. The discussion ends with a review that developed mass adoption of this technology will rely mainly on progression that involves strong material science, low-power written communication, high-level data analysis, and an active ethical system.
Copyright (c) 2023 Archibald Danquah-Amoah, Kishore Kanna R, Dominic Akwasi Bonah, Samson Amponsah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review on Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles: Unlocking Catalytic Potential for Environmental Sustainability
Eco-friendly nanomaterials have garnered a lot of attention recently because of their long-term benefits across a range of industrial domains. Traditional techniques for creating nanoparticles frequently require a lot of energy and hazardous chemicals, both of which pollute the environment. The primary objective of this work is on recent developments in the environmentally friendly synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, particularly those made of iron oxide (FeO), copper oxide (CuO), and nickel oxide (NiO). By utilizing natural resources including plant extracts, microorganisms, and agricultural waste, green synthesis provides an alternate technique. This technique enhances the nanoparticles' catalytic activity while simultaneously promoting environmental safety. Their significance in sustainable technologies is emphasized in this review, particularly in applications like as pollution control, redox processes, and carbon dioxide reduction. The synthesis methods, catalytic efficiency and environmental relevance of these green-synthesized nanoparticles are discussed. Such approaches support sustainable nanotechnology. The knowledge about green synthesis methods is vital for producing efficient and safer nanomaterials. As industries shift towards eco-conscious production, these materials may find wide application in future technologies.
Copyright (c) 2023 Babu Balraj, Mohanbabu B, Senthil Kumar Nagarajan, Muthusamy Raja, Balaji M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Wearable Nano sensors for Continuous Health Monitoring Application
The common trends in healthcare are that it is a paradigm shift in healthcare movement towards a continuous and personalized health management as opposed to episodic and hospital-centric care. This iserosive change spurred by the emergence of wearable nano sensors that can combine superior nanotechnology with bioelectronics in order to facilitate a real-time understanding of human health like never before. This review article offers a complete overview of principles, materials, fabrication, and applications of wearable nano sensors. It presents the cornerstone advantages of nanomaterials, including ultra-high sensitivity, miniaturization, and biocompatibility, which allow the tracking a broad spectrum of physiological and biochemical biomarkers. The report examines in detail novel fabrication methods, such as electrospinning and inkjet printing, and describes the pressing problem of power requirements with novel energy harvesting methods. It also looks further into the clinical utility of such devices in the treatment of chronic illnesses and the cutting-edge applications they are becoming in advanced systems such as BMIs and prosthetics. Lastly, an appraisal of the technical, biological and ethical issues, e.g., foreign body reaction, nano toxicity, data privacy and equity is provided. The conclusion of the analysis is that an ethical approach to implementing this technology into comprehensive clinical use can depend on a unified strategy that incorporates resilient materials science, low-power electronics, sophisticated data analytics, and an active ethical perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kishore Kanna R, Archibald Danquah-Amoah, Kripa N (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Nano-based Plant Growth Regulators in Enhancing Essential Oil Yield and Agronomic Performance of Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
The application of nanotechnology in agriculture has introduced nano-fertilizers as sustainable and efficient alternatives to conventional chemical inputs. Among these, nano-structured plant growth regulators (PGRs) have shown great promise due to their enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery, and reduced environmental toxicity. These nanomaterials not only improve soil nutrient dynamics but also significantly influence plant physiology, leading to improved growth, stress resistance, and enhanced phytochemical profiles. Specifically, nano-enabled PGRs have improved the yield and composition of essential oils in the cultivation of aromatic and therapeutic plants like Ocimum basilicum (basil). Basil is widely valued for its therapeutic properties and is a key species in the essential oil industry. The effects of several nano-structured PGRs on basil development have been studied using randomized complete block design (RCBD), with essential oil profiling conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Significant differences between treatments have been confirmed by statistical techniques such as ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. This review synthesizes current research on the use of nano-PGRs in basil, emphasizing their potential to enhance both agronomic performance and secondary metabolite production. The findings support the integration of nanotechnology into sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in high-value crops where essential oil quality and yield are critical.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Zulfiqar, Fareeha Khalid, Arifa Haleem, Muhammad Asad Ali, Fawad Inam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plant-Mediated Synthesis of TiO₂–ZnO Nanocomposites Using Nigella sativa Seeds for Solar Energy Applications
The present study introduces a novel and environmentally sustainable approach to synthesizing TiO₂–ZnO nanocomposites using Nigella sativa seed extract, which has not been previously reported in the context of solar cell applications. This green synthesis technique uses the natural phytochemicals found in Nigella sativa seeds as stabilizing and reducing agents, in contrast to traditional chemical synthesis methods that frequently use hazardous chemicals and energy-intensive procedures. These bioactive compounds not only promote the formation of nanocomposites but also aid in functionalizing their surface, thereby enhancing their chemical stability and charge transfer properties. Furthermore, the incorporation of both TiO₂ and ZnO in a heterostructured nanocomposite is particularly advantageous, as it combines the high photoactivity of TiO₂ with the excellent electron mobility of ZnO. This synergistic effect leads to improved light absorption, reduced electron-hole recombination, and enhanced charge transport key factors in the performance of solar cells. The study stands out by integrating material synthesis, phytochemical surface modification, and optoelectronic property evaluation, including UV–Visible spectrographic analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and current–voltage (I–V) analysis. These findings highlight the significant potential of Nigella sativa-mediated TiO₂–ZnO nanocomposites as cost-effective, eco-friendly, and high-performance materials for next-generation photovoltaic devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Srimathi S, Kalaiselvi V, Yasotha P, Blessymol B, Gopi S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Isanlu-Isin Columbite for Effective Beneficiation Towards Niobium Pentoxide Recovery
The characterization of Isanlu-Isin columbite was conducted to obtain data suitable for its beneficiation to metallurgical grade. Samples from various locations within the mining site underwent homogenization, crushing, and grinding for characterization. Chemical analysis was performed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (ED-XRF), while mineralogical analysis employed a Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and petrological examination. ED-XRF results revealed that the crude samples contain 10.070% Nb₂O₅, along with trace amounts of other minerals (gangue). Mineralogical characterization confirmed the presence of columbite, quartz, and tantalite. SEM imagery showed a uniformly distributed coarse grain structure, while EDS analysis identified Mn, Nb, Si, and Fe in their oxide forms. Silicon and niobium were found to be the predominant elements in the matrix. This characterization confirms that the ore contains niobium pentoxide, the primary mineral of interest. The data obtained serves as a foundation for effective pre-processing strategies to recover niobium pentoxide in the extractive metallurgy industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omowunmi B. Akinnodi, Oladunni O. Alabi, Fatai O. Aramide, Yemisi E. Gbadamosi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production of AgNPs by Chemical Method in Seaweed Extracted Media
Chemical method approach was utilized to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using seaweed extract combined with varying concentrations of NaBH4. The seaweed extract functioned as an environmentally friendly stabilizing agent, while NaBH4 acted as the reducing agent. While the increasing of NaBH4 concentrations, the quantity of Ag-NPS were increased and reaching its highest peak at 0.04 M. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Ag/κ-carrageenan complexes through the appearance of surface plasmon resonance peaks in the range of 390 to 400 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the silver nanoparticles were uniformly distributed, with an average size of about 28 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the nanoparticles had a spherical shape. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated that compounds present in the seaweed extract played a key role in the nanoparticle synthesis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Randa F. Elsupikhe, Hitham M. Abuissa, Tahani S. Alfazani, Nada F. Elzawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Structural Insights of Transition Metal Complexes Assembled by 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid and 1,10-Phenanthroline
In this study, a series of transition metal complexes involving Zn(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) were synthesized using 1,4 - Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid (CHDA) and 1,10 - Phenanthroline (Phen) as co-ligands. These bidentate and flexible ligands were selected for their ability to form stable and multifunctional coordination frameworks. Comprehensive characterization was performed using FT-IR, PXRD, TGA, SEM, and EDAX techniques to evaluate the structural, thermal, and morphological attributes of the complexes. FT-IR confirmed coordination via carboxylate oxygen and nitrogen atoms, while PXRD revealed varying degrees of crystallinity influenced by metal-ligand interactions. TGA demonstrated distinct thermal decomposition profiles, indicating the formation of thermally stable metal oxides. SEM analysis showed metal-specific morphologies, ranging from amorphous to crystalline textures. The results underscore the potential of these complexes in applications such as catalysis, sensing, and materials engineering, where thermal stability and structural tunability are critical.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shanjitha S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation on Effect of 3-Trimethoxysilyl Propyl Methacrylate based Nano-ZnO/CTF Nanocomposite Hydrogel- Synthesis and Characterization
A groundbreaking method has been developed for the preparation of CTF (citric acid, triethanolamine, and 2-furoic acid) hydrogel that promises significant advancements in material science. By reacting CTF hydrogel with nano-zinc oxide and 3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate to create a nanocomposite. The hydrogel’s properties, meticulously monitored through swelling behavior assessment (a broad pH range from 2.0 to 11.0), strikingly, the swelling percentage was highest in a neutral medium (pH 7.0), outperforming both alkaline and acidic environments. This innovative approach paves the way for swelling behavior of the synthesized hydrogel. The results of swelling equilibrium significantly improve with ascending concentrations of both nano ZnO and TMP respectively. The synthesized CTF- nano ZnO-TMP nanocomposite hydrogels have been characterized using various analytical techniques like UV, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, SEM-EDX which confirms the presence of 3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate (TMP) and nano-zinc oxide in the CTF network. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has also been carried out for the present investigation. The outcome of thermal studies reveals that CTF-Nano-Zn-TMP nanocomposite hydrogels found to have thermally stable to 400 0 C. Hence, the compounds of present investigation may be utilized for high performance applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Princy Sowmya R, Harini S, Nikila S, Guhanathan S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanostructured and nanocomposite Tungsten Oxide electrodes for electrochemical energy storage: A Short Review
The stable and efficient supercapacitor investigation synthesized tungsten-based oxides using many approaches. The impact of the tungsten precursor on the product was significant in this research, and the most important consequences are highlighted. Supercapacitors and other energy storage devices have been using tungstate metal oxide because of its high electrical conductivity as well as low manufacturing costs. This article is mostly about how tungsten oxide-based electrodes for supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries have changed in recent years. Electrodes for energy storage devices made of nanostructured materials can benefit from a variety of features, including high surface-to-volume ratios, excellent charge transport capabilities, as well as excellent physical-chemical properties. Nanostructures and nanocomposites for supercapacitors and storage applications will be summarized in this paper.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gowtham M, Senthil Kumar N, Chandrasekar Sivakumar, Mohanraj K (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Water Permeability, Strength Development And Microstructure of Activated Pulverized Rice Husk Ash Geopolymer Cement
The activated pulverized rice husk ash (PRHA) as a pozzolanic material mixed with Portland cement (OPC) in various ratios was synthesized as geopolymer cement. The alkaline activator was prepared from a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). Effect of OPC replacement on the various properties of the synthesized geopolymers was evaluated. The results showed that the water of consistency sharply decreased with the increase of the OPC addition, while the setting times (initial and final) slightly decreased. The water absorption and apparent porosity reduced with OPC replacement at the expense of PRHA merely up to 18 wt. % content, and then increased. The bulk density as well as flexural and compressive strengths improved and enhanced also up to 18 wt. % OPC content, but then declined with any further increase. The free lime content increased up to 3 days of curing and then decreased onward due to its consumption during the pozzolanic reactions. The 18 wt. % OPC geopolymer mix is the optimum mix, where it achieved the better water absorption (6.89 %), bulk density (1.9099 g/cm3), apparent porosity (15.62 %), flexural strength (5.54 MPa) and compressive strength (58.25 MPa) at 90 days curing times. The ultrasonic pulse velocity test largely confirmed the obtained physical and mechanical characteristics. The FTIR spectra showed that the spectra of G18 geopolymer was more pronounced due to the formation of NASH geopolymer-gel needed to ensure better conformity between different constituents in the whole system that responsible for the improvements in the mechanical properties. The microstructure of the optimum G18 geopolymer mix is well-defined with no or little pores that responsible for the improving of physical properties and the enhancement of mechanical strengths, whereas the microstructure of G24 is more porous and heterogeneous matrix which was contributed to the reduction of mechanical strengths.
Copyright (c) 2022 Darweesh H.H.M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Reagents on Microstructural and Morphological Investigation of Surfactant based Synthesis of CdO Nanorods
Cadmium oxide nanostructures were prepared utilising a noval microwave irradiated wet chemical technique with sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate as the surfactant and two distinct co-reagents (NH3 and NaOH). XRD, and FTIR were used to examine the microstructural properties of synthesised and heat-treated (300°C) CdO nanostructures. As prepared and annealed smaples, the fluctuation of crystallite size and morphology of CdO nanostructures with different co-reagents was investigated. The average crystallite size of the samples was 11.4 to 17.8 nm for the NH3 reagent and 9.7 to 16.8 nm for the NaOH reagent.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ranjith Kumar E (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Durability and chemical resistance of nanoparticles fly ash and silica fume belite cement pastes against sulfate and chloride aggressive media- Part II
The durability (chemical resistence) of the Portland cement (OPC), belite cement (BC) and the optimum belite cement (B4), which their physical and chemo/mechanical properties were perviously investigated in Part I, against 4 % MgSO4 and 4% MgCl2 solutions up to 12 months in terms of compressive strength, total sulfate and total chloride was evaluated and studied. Results showed that the optimum belite cement (B4) containing 15 % High pulverized fly ash (HPFA) and 5 % Silica fume (SF) could be resisted up to 6 months, while that of BC could be withstood only up to 5 months, and the OPC could not resist more than three months of immersion in 4% MgSO4 solution. The compressive strength values exhibited by the samples immesed in sulfate solution at 3, 5 and 6 months of immersion were 83.81, 76.38 and 91.13 MPa, respectively. The same trend was displayed when the same samples were exposed to 4% MgCl2 solution. The compressive strength values exhibited by the same samples exposed to chloride solution at 3, 5 and 6 months of immersion were 84.49, 82.23 and 93.32 MPa, respectively. The total sulfate and chloride contents were enhanced with immesion time up to 12 months, but their values were the minimum with B4 and the maximum with OPC, while with BC were the medium. The optimum cement batch (B4) achieved the highest resistance where it recorded the lowest values for sulfate and chloride ions, but the OPC exhibited the lowest resistance where it recorded the highest values of sulfate and chloride contents at all immersion ages till 12 months.
Copyright (c) 2021 Darweesh H.H.M (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gold nanoparticle–Quercetin composite formulation: A Computational Model Structure
Nanoparticle mediated drug delivery is an emerging area of research now a days. In our present study, we emphasized on the mode of interaction of a widely used drug, Quercetin with frequently worked metallic nanoparticle, Gold (Au). At first five –OH groups have been attached separately with gold atom and energy minimization was performed using Avogadro Software for windows system. From this, we found that the –OH groups present at 7 position of ‘A’ ring, 3’ and 4’ positions of ‘B’ ring are most suitable site for gold atom to bind. In the next level of study, a gold atom has been interacted with two quercetin molecules at a time. The gold atom was attached to –OH group of 7 position of one quercetin molecule and 4’ position of the other. The calculated energy was found to be 482.319 KJ/Mol. Further, gold atoms were interacted with all –OH groups of quercetin molecule at a time to see its stability and the structure was found to have quite stable with an energy level of 218.074 KJ/Mol. Lastly we tried to make a quercetin–gold nanoparticle model structure which mimics the actual nanocomposite synthesized in vitro where one gold atom was interacted with two quercetin molecules and the other –OH groups of quercetin molecules were again attached with gold atoms. This structure possesses energy of 439.880 KJ/Mol. The bond lengths and bond angle of interacting C, O and Au atoms were measured to characterize the complex.
Copyright (c) 2021 Soumalya Chatterjee, Debraj Hazra, Rajat Pal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Amplifying Column Resilience and Retrofitting of Nano Defects: A Profound Review of Advanced Wrapping Methodologies
In order to sustain the vertical load and guarantee the stability of various constructed environments, structural columns are essential. These columns can lose their integrity over time as a result of things like age, corrosion, seismic activity, or modifications in the conditions under which they are loaded unlike designed results in nano defects. If this is the case, conventional techniques of rehabilitation and strengthening might not be adequate to help them return to their prior levels of performance. Nowadays, wrapping techniques have become one of the most efficient and cutting-edge methods for improving the load-bearing capacity, ductility, and longevity of columns. The numerous wrapping techniques used to strengthen and refit columns to lengthen their useful lives are thoroughly analyzed in this paper. The objective is to provide a complete understanding of the concepts, elements, and practical uses related to different wrapping strategies. Steel, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), soft computing methods, and hybrid materials are some of the strategies that are currently being looked at. The fundamental physics of column wrapping, such as stress redistribution, confinement, and interactions between the material used for wrapping and the host column's structure are listed. The review additionally emphasizes how important suitable design, material selection, installation strategies, and quality control methods are to the successful implementation of column wrapping techniques. Numerous kinds of factors, such as the environment, loading patterns, and long-term performance, have been taken into account to shed light on the resilience and sustainability of wrapped columns. The detailed examination of wrapping techniques in this article offers a comprehensive picture of the most significant present progress and potential in the field of column strengthening, improving the overall toughness and resilience of built structures.
Copyright (c) 2023 Akhil Kumar A, Narendra Kumar B (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Spindle like Copper Oxide Nanostructures
The study is dedicated to a comprehensive examination of copper oxide nanoparticles, with a primary focus on their fabrication and systematic analysis. The principal objectives encompass the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles through a straightforward precipitation method, the structural characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), the determination of particle size and morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the analysis of functional groups within the CuO nanoparticles via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and the exploration of absorbance peaks utilizing UV-Vis spectroscopy. The research outcomes unlock novel prospects for scientific and technological advancements, offering crucial insights into the intrinsic properties and potential applications of copper oxide nanoparticles.
Copyright (c) 2023 Girija K (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
X-Ray and Morphological Analysis of InAs-CrAs Eutectic Nanocomposite Systems
InAs-CrAs systems are synthesized by the vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method. XRD analysis and microstructural study of InAs-CrAs composites show that CrAs metallic inclusions are uniformly distributed in the InAs matrices. By investigating of microstructure of InAs-CrAs eutectic composite by electron microscope, it has been established that the interfacial zone between the semiconductor matrix and metallic inclusions is generated. In computations of effective electrical and thermal conductivity of the composite were taken into account the role of these interfacial zones.
Copyright (c) 2023 Kazimov M.V, İbragimov G.B (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Supercapacitor Performance with Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: A Review of Dimensional Innovations
Supercapacitor high-power density, rapid charge/discharge rates, long lifespan, and environmental friendliness have positioned them as extremely promising energy storage options. This study examines the physical and chemical characteristics of several biomass materials and their impact on supercapacitor performance. Additionally, we delve into the classification and fundamental concepts of supercapacitors. Biomass-derived carbon compounds exhibit abundant surface features and naturally occurring hierarchical structures that enhance electrochemical reactions, including diffusion and ion transfer. Historically, biomass has been the primary raw material for synthesizing innovative porous carbon compounds, representing a significant advancement in electrode materials for supercapacitors. Our study emphasizes the potential applications of one-, two-, and three-dimensional carbon compounds derived from biomass as electrode materials for supercapacitors by reviewing the latest research in this field. Additionally, we discuss the challenges faced today and the opportunities for enhancing the efficiency of carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes in the future.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gowtham M, Senthil Kumar N, Murugan Balaji, Chandrasekar Sivakumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Investigation of Structural, Optical and Morphological properties of Manganese Oxide and its composite
This work reports the successful hydrothermal synthesis of pristine β-MnO2 and its nanocomposite with TiO2 via solid state method. The structural analysis of the synthesised samples via X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) revealed the tetragonal phase of β-MnO2 and β-MnO2-TiO2 and their high crystalline nature. The crystallinity of the pristine and composite is 71.32% and 89.17% respectively, which shows the increment in the crystallinity with the composite. The percentage of tetragonal phase of β-MnO2 in the composite is 68.75% and the percentage of tetragonal phase of TiO2 is 31.24%. The average crystallite size showed a decrease from 26.57nm in pristine to 22.43nm as reported in composite. The lattice strain is obtained via the W-H analysis of the samples. The lattice strain is and 7.04 in pristine and composite shows the strain decreases in the composite. The morphology reports short nano-threads of β-MnO2 arranged in scattered coral type structure. The composite shows dispersed granules of TiO2 with small β-MnO2 threads accompanied with high surface area and porosity. The UV-Visible analysis revealed the absorption peak and the optical energy band gap analysis revealed the band gap of β-MnO2 and β-MnO2-TiO2. The band gap reduced to 3.6eV in composite from 4.9eV in pristine. The functional band analysis using FT-IR showed the existence of only Mn-O and both Mn-O and Ti-O vibration band in spectra of pristine and composite respectively. The increase in crystallinity, porosity and decrease in the crystallite size, strain, band gap in the nanocomposite can enhance the gas sensing application of the fabricated thin films.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shriya Tripathi, Narendra Kumar Pandey, Vernica Verma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Cholesterol Biosensor based on Graphene-ZnS Modified Carbon Paper Electrode
In this study, we present a new and straightforward graphene-zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanocomposite that we've successfully created for use in a carbon paper-based cholesterol biosensor. By integrating ZnS nanoparticles onto graphene sheets, we've significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic performance of the electrode, which boosts the sensitivity of the cholesterol biosensor. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of the nanocomposite's structure and components using techniques like XRD, SEM, and TEM. For detecting cholesterol, we immobilized cholesterol oxidase onto the ZnS/G modified carbon paper electrode. Our cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis indicated that there’s direct electron transfer happening between the enzyme and the electrode. The biosensor we developed showcased a quick response time, impressive sensitivity, a wide linear detection range, and a low detection limit. Plus, the ZnS/G modified carbon paper electrode proved to be highly selective, consistently reproducible, and stable for over a month.
Copyright (c) 2024 Suganthi G, Amirtha Varshini G (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0